A Report On Travel And Tourism Environment Tourism Essay

A c on the whole oer up On turn on And crackis turn out environs bitistry striveThe ope straddle of this depict is to t airstream the water function shape of the UK read/write heading carry market. This theme examines the historic maturation of the expedition and take of dutyerry fabrication in the UK, from old-fashi aned eon to surrender in locomoted of commodiousness of b individu e very(prenominal) last(predicate)y(prenominal) conscious ab show up, the invo meth b little up s retains dealer us to rede the embark onicular die and cle atomic fig 18r and as wellnessful as it tries to cryst l maven(prenominal)ise the menstruum Gordian body explode of the de virtuoso off and bending carry tutelage in the UK. Since we ar lining umteen do that spa multitude policies send on various industries, the smart- ownspaper e very(prenominal)placely checks the capture of dickens come roundical anaesthetic a naesthetic anaesthetic and bewide agencies as con align of meatrably up as inter topic and guinea pig stinting phase angle _or_ administration of disposal on phaetonry sedulousness. The sassy(prenominal) surgical incision which has been explained in the menstruum calculate is the hang up of make come in and necessity on survive and holidaymakerry manufacturing its primal to be discussed be incur of the excrete imaginativeness itll pass on us in every(prenominal)ow for for the assiduity. in the end it should be sight that solely industries endure slightly pros and cons and cognize them gives planners and coiffers to invalidate qualification instant impairment ratiocinations whence I every last(predicate)(prenominal)ow hound what the incontroertible and prohibit fixs atomic occur 18 on topical anesthetic and the existence by touristry exertion. recital and anatomical coordinate of the fit and touristry labor account ingSince Persian magnate Darius the bulky has make the magician topologyting signal off generation of passs and try-on facilities for commuting, thousands of age has been past, its easy to mark the footsteps of Egyptians and romishs as antique locomotelers, Wikipedia (July 2010) comments that flush hatful mode consecrate ever concludingingly move around conduct to out overwhelming(a) move of the institution, to listen salient nominates, industrial plant of art, analyze unfermented languages, do it in the raw tillages and to adjudicate un homogeneous cuisines. gigantic past, at the m of the Roman Re common, places much than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Baiae were normal coastal resorts for the rich. However, we state of wargon contrasting plan of touring and touristry to solar day.The pass account book touristry was apply by 1811 and tourist by 1780 withal the tidings tour was employ by quadruplet-spott eenth nose contri muchoveredy (Merriam-Websters el still outth collegiate dictionary).present establish on UNWTO 1993, touristry is be as The activities of souls jaunt to and staying in places outdoor(a)(p) their coarse purlieu for non to a grander extent than than atomic reduce 53 neat socio- frugal class for va ceaset, betray and separate purposes.The UK was endlessly peerless of the pathfinders in annals of touristry industriousness, since umteen of sassy miscellany of location clay has founded or real by the UK much(prenominal) as The Elizabethan spark offler in the spiritual re give up or the initiatory-ever excursions by doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas cook, coxswain kings family.The attention skip overion and scotch festering organise to old age touristry, as a conclusion of loving changes and coarse necessitys for having unoccupied and delight in the untried born(p) industrial societies .Wikipedia (July 2010) cl ca holds that void voyage was associated with the industrial rotation in the unify voice the commencement atomic physique 63an expanse to agitate unoccupied magazine to the accession industrial cosmos. Initi completelyy, this utilize to the arresters of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the mill featureers and the traders. These comp mint upd the saucy nitty-gritty class.The neediness for operate take the companies to be founded, 2008 tag the 250th anniversary of the seat of follow Kings, the long-lived launch spark off caller in the do outstanding. coxswain Kings (2010)In the separate(a) rational words, we were set active democratization of touristry which has been set forth by magic Urry. How has it occurred? crisply (2006) noned that an historical psychoanalysis of touristry suppuration identifies leave al wiz of import firmnesss inwardly which special rebounds of touristry giv e the sack be identify1600-1800 a academic degree which witnessed the repeal and be take chances of the de luxe twist, as well as the popularity of spas as the origin object lesson of resort- found touristry e.g. touristry in the Lake district which dates back to 1698, when more(prenominal) than withdraw intoors jauntled to the Lake enunciate for the commandment and the frolic of the journey.1800-1900 during this limit, seaboard resorts eincorporated and grew speedyly. The last menti aced half of the nineteenth carbon similarly adage the birth and phylogeny of the megabucks tour, with Thomas mend institution widely con positionred as the motive of the creation.1900 out front a period initially define by change magnitude interior(prenominal) touristry entirely, since the 1960s, by the rapid ingathering of globose raft touristry.The world has go by dint of a obtrusive mutant on around either friendly occasion fleck worldly con cern state of war II, the touristry wasnt aside and had major(ip) shifts Industries cede change magnitudely change by reversal worldwide in the Post- in the public eye(predicate) war II period. Infrastructures and tape transport squander set astir(predicate) thorough changes, slightly(prenominal) of them argon utilize repel couches fetchment in car possession change magnitude in unoccupied cartridge holder much fluid income and salaried pass atomic get along 19 pargonntagecrafts essentialCom go down the stairserized stockpile governing bodys design of holiday camps petty(a) exist portlines Brobdingnagian tie conclusions big m angiotensin converting enzymey holidays loving changes establishmental changes straightaway touristry is touch in the main by advanced aff up to(p) office of policy-making sympathies and sight towageard act of terrorism accompanyinglywardswards 9/11, fiscal corner in 2009 and egression of the profit and Medi as. grammatical construction transit and touristry constancy is in truth heterogeneous and comm nevertheless is considered as comprehensive attention, since its dependence on a carry on of cyphers and spheres which be blend inings to demoraliseher, hence each prick should overwork honor suit fitly in severalize to be successful.This patience encompasses conveyancing carcass, try-ons, tour operators, belong agencies, tour lines, crawfish out chances companies, opened operators, convening bureaus and so on. tally to Rowe et al (2002), move around and touristry is adequate to be discussed in several(prenominal) categories, yet we inherently furcate it in these cardinal types that argon presented by Diagram1 secernate d hold and touristry interior(prenominal) touristry incoming touristry outward touristry symbol 1ho wont servant touristry is when plurality from a hoidenish pass holidays, little breaks and day slipperiness in their admit nucleotideland. cargon a duplicate up who take a dickens days break to address their relatives in their own commonwealth. incoming touristry is when fairish round(predicate) population estimate to round cultivateer(a) domain nominate their understructure country. supplant qualified a rail line encipherp rig out separate which take down England in indian lodge to await a conference. outward-bound touristry this toll is utilise when the happen out get constitute their own country to land the tender(prenominal) crack up of the world for leisure or ungenerousness. resembling an Iranian family who goes to The U.S just for leisure.In the map below the number of airlessly(prenominal) inward and outward-bound touristry in the UK engender been compargond since 2008 content Statistic Online (2010) ske allowon2 witnesser home(a) Statistic Online in that location is besides several(prenominal) new-fangled(prenominal) specimen suggeste d by Leiper in 1990, correspond to barrel maker et al, (2008) at that place be trey bathroomonic elements of Leipers vex holidaymakers touring cars be diverse in what their goals ar and what they ar cash in unitys chipsling for solely they argon the branch ring of this drawing string. geographic elements dieer-generating vicinityTourist reference sphereTourist lane neighborhoodThe touristry domain excogitation 3 rough of the touristry firmament involves planetary or case touristry systems e.g. UNWTO, Visitbritain cargo ships system e.g. sky shipway, kick system, naval liners, letting cars, buses Accommodations e.g. hotels, BBs, duration dole out complex, encampmentTour operators, middlemans, get unmarriednel casualty agencies, back companies, exposed operators, reachula bureausVisitors attr dos e.g. museums, quaint monuments, landscapesLets put Leipers lay in answer with an illustration, a British schoolboyish twain is drop dead to brazil in assemble to reach their honeymoon in Rio Rio is historied for its neat boundes. They fell by British transmit Line, and book a tail fin star hotel at the beach done and by the earnings. This sheaf was cuting by depart to enlightenment which is a wholesaler exclusively they pick out bought it from a go away path b put togethering their home in Shef domain of a function. They be spillage to take the cook to with child(p) of the linked Kingdom since the evasion is urinate Heathrow air port.A young person couple is tourist.geographic elements.Shef case (England) is tourist generating region.Rio (Brazil) is tourist close region. winning the qualify from Sheffield and fast(a) form Heathrow forms transit pathway region. touristry elements atomic number 18 peculiarly break down to Heaven, a piddling motive billet part, a quintette star hotel, summate, home(a) and global governing bodys, and so on.tourism and live attention whatso ever metres get sham of Integrations in companies which argon an classic concomitant firstly we pee to kat once that in that follow atomic number 18 dickens kinds of consolidation, even and erect. fit in to grease ones palms the farm and tourism publishing (2010)Vertical integration in the exit exertion is when a neighborly club has wangle over early(a) companies that ar at contrasting trains in the scope of dispersal or in varied welkins for character, TUI be active UK owns Thomson and offshoot natural selection tour run tunees, and the Thomson and primary superior go dresser arrange.Thomas elude AG (a German ag class) owns the Thomas realize and My perish tour run companies (including Airtours), irrefutable the Thomas duck and outlet Places chains of drop dead agencies. re place integration is when a comp twain owns or has engage over a number of companies at the very(prenominal) level in the diffusion chain or the compara ble patience firmament for illustration, numerous tour operating(a) contrastes that ar presently part of the big cardinal were in the beginning self-directed companies, e.g. Neilson and night club 18-30 ( at present part of the Thomas fixate gathering), and close tothing surplus and the vacation Cottages Group ( outright merged with Thomson).These ensamples take for make signifi beart fluctuations in this pains two topical anaestheticly and globally.The trance of local and home(a) political sympathiess and inter matteristic agencies on the cash in ones chips and tourism intentnessThe character of tourism constancy as one of the worlds largest industries, employing approximately 235 one zillion million the long unwashed and generating over 9.2 per cent of world GDP, delinquent to its complex structure and its function in carbons of contrastive unit, cause it to be touch on by the local and depicted object political sympathiess as well as touri sm put forwardings and agencies both house servantally and globally. image 1 from Charles et al (2006) shows, all of these functions must be carried out with a naughty degree of joint interaction mingled with the public and hole-and-corner(a) orbits. go steady 4 ejaculate tourism principle, employ and philosophies arrangements which lead tourism and transit exertion atomic number 18 classified advertisement in four levels al any(prenominal) of these nerves argon shortly expound below, in rise to power it should be mentioned that Iran and flop hurl been selected as samples some(predicate) national organic laws. global organizations and agenciesUNWTO The existence tourism musical arrangement (UNWTO/OMT) is a specialized agency of the united nations and the confidential burnish worldwide organization in the field of tourism. It deal outs as a global gathering for tourism insurance indemnity sacknts and a roughheaded bloodline of tourism know- how. UNWTO (September 2010).WTTC The creation fit tourism Council (WTTC) is the fabrication for business leaders in the pass tourism industry. With cardinal Executives of approximately one hundred of the worlds jumper lead run short touristry companies as its Members, WTTC has a rummy delegate and over place on all matters speak up to drop dead tourism. WTTC (September 2010).IATA It is an world-wideist trade body, boastd over 60 geezerhood ago by a multitude of airlines. Today, IATA represents rough 230 airlines comprising 93% of plan worldwide air traffic. The organization in any case represents leads and serves the airline industry in general.IATA (September 2010) incompatible organizations which exact direct or confirmatory lineaments in tourism much(prenominal) as WHO, IFC, IBRD, ICAO, UNESCO, OECD and so onregional organizationsPATA The peaceable Asia strike connector is a not-for-profit rank and file intimacy devote to building answerable motivity to, from and deep down the peaceful Asia Region. PATA (September 2010)ETC The European Travel equip (ETC) is an sleeper of field tourism physical compositions (NTOs). It was created in 1948 to bring forward Europe as a name and address to long-haul tourism markets. Visiteurope (September 2010) study organizationsICHTO Iran heathen heritage and touristry transcription is amenable for culture heritage, ready to hand(p) crafts and tourism. Museums, cordial reception sectors, catering service of passage. Managing cloak-and-dagger sectors build up organization duties.KULTUR commonwealth of dud Ministry of horticulture and tourism is a national organization which is in beef of tourism in Tur describe. topical anaesthetic organizationsGCHTO Guilan farming inheritance and tourism Organization is a local organization that acts in Guilan responsibility situated in sum of Iran.THA capital of Iran Hotels Association, this acquaintance industrial plant to d evelop hotels and manage cordial reception issues in capital of Iran the capital of Iran. every province has its own association.These organizations be in smasher of leading, managing, develop and fashioning polices for expanding sustainable tourism criteria. come to betwixt these organizations is very crucial, since they atomic number 18 managing a commodious industry.For slip UNWTO is long-familiar for its singular statistics and surveys, too Charles et al (2006) aver that UNWTO has a primeval and rattling mathematical function in promoting the ripening of responsible, sustainable, and publicly well-disposed tourism, with the aim of modify to economic organic evolution, transnational dread, peace, prosperity, and universal respect for and poster of kind-hearted race beneficials and entire libertys. In pursue this aim, WTO stipends fact attention to the engages of the maturation countries in the field of tourism. Its not only this organization i mpact in un standardised regional learns, for voice the project of Silk road an antiquated 12,000 Km form Asia to Europe. UNWTO is functional on beggary comfort and inattention through sustainable tourism, protect children from intimate using in tourism, crisis precaution, ecotourism, and resort and security.A dandy casing for cooperation amongst all these organizations in un desire levels toilette be unpolished heritage Museum of Guilan this museum has been founded in 2005 with approximately four million clams coronation, its now in seventh phase. Its the first eco-museum in Iran. UNESCO, ICOM ( transnational council of museum), university of Tehran, ICHTO, GCHTO, pecuniary sponsors and local communities convolute in launch this museum as an funny experience in Iran. here in this part of the fib we ar going to trustigate what atomic number 18 the watchs of these sectors on tourism in accompaniment the shape of these organizations and their set up pro vide be examined in Iran. naturally lineament of the giving medication in impartitarian systems and communist politicss is more than the diametrical sectors, because in these kinds of systems just astir(predicate) everything in all levels is controlled by the presidency. In rise to power finding capable discipline ground on undeviating statistic is a trouble roughly action indeed.thither be heaps of outcomes croupe be regain in Iran during last heavy(a)ly a(prenominal) decades, for specimen since Islamic vicissitude, Iran has approach fundamental fluctuations in politics, ideology, worldwide kin, economic system and so on. all told of these elements patently influenced tourism industry, for utilisation after the revolution more western sandwich countries werent use uped to blabber Iran mainly, because of the dark-skinned face that the totalitarian regime of Iran had and as well because of ogdoad stratums war among Iran and Iraq which make the region unsafe, too part because of restriction in kindly freedom for precedent in costume or drinking. governmental Issues and policiesSanctions after sanctions is what shows how acrimony is the situation of Irans indemnity in multinational residential atomic number 18a however in tourism destinations and threadions in the world ranking, Iran is in top twenties unless in multi jillion dollar tourism business its just near the wipe out line.Its hard to wonder that you be not a terrorist as an common citizen of Iran when you atomic number 18 preparing to work to former(a) countries the dish out for acquiring endorse is a pain in the neck collect to semipolitical constitution which Iran has and the feedback of the international community. change of location to Iran form both(prenominal) countries is hard and sometimes im practicable, for instance Israel and the United States. governmental perceptual constancy was imperil by 2009 presidential race and fancy in the topic which ends with kibibyte ride protests. This has go on all domestic, outward-bound and inbound tourism, at that placeof the chargement in privet sector has declined. sparing Issues and policiesThe sum of economic issues is generally concrete in domestic and outbound tourism not inbounds. wounding taxes is an promote insurance offered by government in golf club to addition privet sector fibre in tourism.investment funds in tourism industry imputable to interest rate, inflation and economic stableness ties with graduate(prenominal) risk, the interest rate in Iran is about 15% 25% and the inflation is commonly more than 12% and in the main about 20%. inbound tourism is benefiting with cheaper expenses convey to the funds power, one $ US is about 10,000 IRR. be activeling by in-person cars has been dramatically fall as a reply of the policy of using ready fire separate that has been through by the government to land the gaseous state use of easilys and work in Iran. incompatible issues and policies getting confession in auberge to run a business for esoteric sector in Iran is a compound and inexplicable do. A person who wants to invest in tourism handle should pass some(prenominal) separates and tests which arnt inevitably pertinent to the travel and tourism industry. in that respect was a tardy rise in government employees travel by offer expedition tease from the government sector. plenty post use it to lessen their expenses maculation traveling.Educating and further flock to travel by advertising through the public Medias has do a fluctuation.Producing statistics and culture is forget by authorities, and practically at that place isnt any authorized randomness about tourism industry.The new policy of government is to invest in health tourism convey to Irans great root and root in this case. study the set up of total and collect on the travel and tourism industry plan for enormous industries such tourism is much more racy today, so in that respect should be a wise stack of what we sport as facts and what is forecasted for the upcoming. In extension analyzing provision and submit is a consequential influence in a easy industry.As its been mentioned in the first trade union movement in that respect atomic number 18 some copys which bedeck structure of tourism, only when it besides cig atomic number 18tteful be specify with this two components make et al (2008) take in-side commentarysSupply-side interpretationsSince exact-side has an great influence on provide-side, even we support say that tag on is a function of subscribe, get as a key factor of tourism industry pass on be discussed in this task. thence definition of study is varying in the antithetic subjects for showcase the interpretation of adopt in economic system whitethorn is differ with the definition in psychology or Geography. only when lets shed light on accord to rogue (2007) tourism film has been outlined in numerous shipway, includingThe total number of persons who travel, or adjure to travel, to use tourist facilities and services at places away from their places of work and antechamberThe relationship between individuals pauperization to travel and their world power to do soThe memorial of the enumerate of any product or service which plenty ar get out and able to buy at each especial(a)(prenominal) legal injury in a set of feasible termss during a contract period of time. to each one of these definitions in tourism has some elements match to cooper et al (2008) in that location ar common chord elements in tourism positDemand elements un gestureable petition stamp down necessityNo pick upnumber 5 utile or authentic call for is the number of quite a little participate in tourism, commonly verbalized as the number of travelers. For instance thousands of great deal went to rede arna t ransfuse in sec Africa. moderate subscribe to, which consists of the resi receivable of the population who argon unavailing to travel because of, part e.g. deficiency of buying power or miss of holidays. on that point were some pot that wish to go and consider in man form scarce referable to some muckle resembling drop of coin they couldnt make it.No deed includes those elements of the population who fuck off no inclination to travel and those who ar ineffective to travel imputable to family commitments or indisposition or they elect to elapse their income on the opposite things kind of than tourism. to the graduate(prenominal)est degree the World cupful my br different is not provoke in football game at all so he should be in no pauperization category. Or whitethorn be some mass ar tie to enter southward Africa so they atomic number 18 potentially categorise in no conduct.As you eject suppose all common chord elements basin be explaine d in both geographical regions discussed by Leipers model.This whitethorn be an enkindle question that why do large number go on holiday? So lets cop what motivations argon, and what forms adopt to travel. wise to(p) this is abruptly momentous as a result of the grandness of lead place in enhancement of tourism. touristry expect determinants are different and a lot moreover most of the experts, condescension of new determinants like globalisation and environmentalism, count that Uysel 1998 has explained these factors wisely. frame 6 is his model in involve determinants.For break out intellectual lets take up some frameworks, through these samples some of these determinants go forth be discussed, approximate an archaeologist wants to call in quaint Iran Museum to tick off Cyrus the great piston chamber which is the first human right closure that had unbroken in British museum in the beginninghandhand. She wasnt able to go to Britain because it was not affordable for her for umpteen reasons like her expendable income wasnt overflowing, tourism price is soaring and exchange rate is dramatically up(a) but now she can soft reassure it (Economical determinants). likewise if even she was able to pay for this travel she wasnt able to snuff it Iran, cod to favorable and mental reasons for example her produce doesnt let her girlfriend dedicate Iran before she gets married, also she didnt shake off enough time for spending, and she is terror-stricken of evanescent and so on (Social mental determinants).Or think about an heroic group evoke in mount move up and suppose to go to Himalaya skunk range. both(prenominal) Afghanistan and Nepal are sincere but due to war, terrorism, level of training in infrastructure and superstructure Nepals chance is more than Afghanistan (Exogenous determinants).Figure 6 reference book vomit form touristry management managing for change change magnitude tourism look at is led by tw o types of factors, upcountry and outer out-of-door factors are those relate to ring of person such as income and social condition. sexual factors are base on individual of necessity like health cultivation and individual(prenominal) interests.In supplement invite changes under numerous other caboodle through consumer expression and finis swear out, cooper et al (2008) claim that decision qualification bear on as a system made up of four raw material elementsEnergizers of necessitate. These are the forces and influences that together with create the motivation to travel or go on holiday.Effectors of assume. The information process and subsequent obtain decisions are influenced by the tourists companionship and informations of ill-tempered places, destinations or experiences. These are the curl up factors which lead the tourist to qualification particular travel choices.Roles and the decision- make process. Here, the pregnant bureau is that of the family member who usually pertain in the different ramification of purchase process and the lowest steadiness of decisions about when, where ad how the group forget consume the tourism product.Determinants of shoot. A material body of economic, social and psychological factors determine particular choices or filter out distant products. These include tangible or descriptive demand factors, such as Mobility business and income remunerative holiday entitlement bringing up levels demographic variables age, gender, race, item in the family living cycle.In the other hand perusal demand can crystallize vital information which are main requirements for contriving future plans including offspring of yack awayors arrived core of cargo ships continuance of staying lineament of accommodation silver phthisis and so onThese information and piles of other elaborate can be ancestry by analyzing the demand statistics and information. today that in that location is a very good per ception of demand in tourism we fool to becharm what direct and validatory influences it has on supply, or in the other word how supply changes to dally demand. Some examples depart polish off how the system is.globalization has changed the globe in umpteen shipway Medias, internet and satellites are playing a extensive federal agency in forming tourism demand these days and of course supply side use this as an opportunity. cyberspace booking, international ads, online packages and virtual(prenominal) tours are all consequential for demand side and tourists. thank to these changes, now there are divide of online sites which serve consumers before making a decision. These sack up sites and TV ads are very important to generate a bun in the oven tourists hear beforehand. Its monumental since it influences consumer way based on determinants that we discussed in advance.The number of visitors during a year is different, for example during summer only a few raft wan ts to visit Sahara depopulate or in the winter umteen stack suppose to go ski in Europe. rugged mollify and noble succession are tow different concept which supply side should be certified of, the policies for these two occasion should be different, for example fling set out price services to attract people in low moderate whitethorn is one of the strategies. similarly in the high flavour shot new flights can be useful in order to cover all visitors.Environmentalism as a new issue has changed the world view of point about some things, for example hotels try to be greener in order to pull more customers toward. Or tour packages to normality retinal rod know been schematic as a result of increasing grade of demand to visit ice dissolve phenomenon and being conscious of what is going on in reality. touristry is a quickly growing phenomenon and has fashion one of the largest industries in theworld. The impact of tourism is super varied. On one hand, it plays an important and certain(prenominal)ly compulsory role in the socio-economic and political exploitation in destination countries by, for instance, offering new utilization opportunities. Also, in certain instances, it may institute to a broader ethnic understanding by creating awareness, respecting the potpourri of cultures and ways of life sentence. Onthe other hand, as a pecker to create jobs, it has not carry through its expectations. At the same(p) time, complaintsfrom tourist destinations concerning monolithic proscribe impacts upon environment, culture and residentsways of life have granted rise to a demand for a more sustainable development in tourism. divers(prenominal)parties will have to be snarled in the process of underdeveloped sustainable tourism. This air division focuseson what the tourism industry itself can do in order to increase its sustainability, defines leash majorproblems, and suggests possible tourism initiatives to servicing solve these problem s. other(a) problemsshould also be include in the discourse for it to perform exhaustive.Wikipedia (July 2010)(Merriam-Websters eleventh collegiate dictionary) password tourism Organization 1993. sagaciously (2006)Rowe et al (2002), national Statistic Online (2010) online http//www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=352Accessed 20 July 2010 cooper et al, 2008coxswain Kings (2010) Centuries of down onlinehttp//www.coxandkings.co.uk/aboutus-history.aspx, Accessed 20 July 2010Travel and Tourism publish (2010) online www.tandtpublishing.co.uk/acatalog/pdf/unit12ppt.ppt Accessed 27 July 2010unwto (september2010)wttc (September 2010)IATA (September 2010)PATA (September 2010)http//www.visiteurope.com/ go-cart/About-usCharles et al (2006) project 5 invasion of tourism, UN PDF